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发表于 2022-9-15 12:34:06 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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【原文】
子曰: 愚而好自用(1),贱而好自专(2),生乎今之世反(3)古之道。如此者,灾及其身者也。
非天子,不议礼,不制度(4),不考文(5)。今天下车同轨,书同文,行同伦(6)。虽有其位,苟无其德,不敢做礼乐焉,虽有其德, 苟无其位,亦不敢作礼乐焉。
子日: 吾说夏礼(7),杞不足征也(8)吾学殷吸礼(9),有宋存焉(10);吾学周礼(11),今用之,吾从周(12)。
【注释】
(1)自用:凭自己主观意图行事,自以为是,不听别人意见,即刚愎自用的意思。(2)自专:独断专行。(3)反:通 返 ,回复的意思。(4)制度:在这里作动词用,指制订法度。(5)考文,考汀文字规范。(6)车同轨,书同文,行同伦:车同轨指车子的轮距一致;书同文指字体统一;行同指伦理道德相同。这种情况是秦始皇统一六国后才出现的,据此知道《中庸》有些章节的确是秦代儒者所增加的。(7)夏礼,夏朝的礼制。夏朝,约公元前2205年 前1776年,传说是禹建立的,(8)杞:国名,传说是周武王封夏禹的后代于此,故城在个河南杞县。征,验证, (9)殷礼:殷朝的礼制。商朝从盘庚迁都至殷(今河南安阳)到纣亡国,一般称为殷代,整个商朝也称商殷或殷商。(10)宋:国名,商汤的后代居此,故城在今河南商丘县南。(11)周礼:周朝的礼制。(12)以上这段孔子的话也散见于《论语 八佾恰》、《论语 为政》。
【译文】
孔子说: 愚昧却喜欢自以为是,卑贱却喜欢独断专行。生于现在的时代却一心想回复到古时去。这样做,灾祸一定会降临到自己的身上。
不是天子就不要议订礼仪,不要制订法度,不要考订文字规范。现在天下车子的轮距一致,文字的字体统一,伦理道德相同。虽有相应的地位,如果没有相应的德行,是不敢制作礼乐制度的;虽然有相应的德行,如果没有相应的地位,也是不敢制作礼乐制度的。
孔子说: 我谈论夏朝的礼制,夏的后裔杞国已不足以验证它;我学习殷朝的礼制,殷的后裔宋国还残存着它;我学习周朝的礼制,现在还实行着它,所以我遵从周礼。
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【读解】
本章承接上一章发挥 为下不倍(背) 的意思。反对自以为是,独断专行,也有 不在其位,下谋其政 (《论语 泰伯》)的意思。归根结底,其实还是素位而行,安分守己的问题。
此外有一点值得注意的是,这里所引孔子的话否定了那种 生乎今之世反古之道 的人,这与一般认为孔子主张 克己复礼 ,具有复古主义倾向的看法似乎有些冲突。其实,孔子所要复的礼,恰好是那种 今用之 的 周礼 ,而不是 古之道 的 夏礼 和 殷札 。因为夏礼已不可考,而殷礼虽然还在它的后裔宋国那里残存着,但毕竟也已是过去的了。所以,从本章所引孔子的两段话来看,的确不能随随便便地给他扣上 拉历史倒车 的复古主义者帽子。
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